Dance Hall Music Essay Example For Students

Ballroom Music Essay Danceable music is undermining Jamaican melodic articulation and ought not be empower. Do you concur? Boycott, stop requests and detainments. Is Jamaican music, or all the more explicitly danceable music, under danger? The melodic business in Jamaica is adulterated by the impact and articulation of danceable music and ought not be supported. Danceable music adds to wrongdoing and viciousness, degenerate sexual practices and furthermore paints a terrible picture of the music business. Jamaican melodic articulation is being spoiled by debasement of verses in danceable USIA and along these lines adds to wrongdoing and brutality in the public eye. A portion of the persuasive artistes in danceable music sing a great deal of tunes that elevates criminal components to raise in the public arena. The scourge of wrongdoing and firearm viciousness that has now attacked and assumed responsibility for lives on numerous youthful Jamaican is because of the verses of these melodies and is viewed as certain crooks song of devotion and subsequently they feed upon them before complete their demonstration. A line from one of Busy Signal well known tunes, Real criminal a street no bow mi pious devotee dread. Genuine batman transport discharge between kid eye, such mi execute casual and spies. This sort of verses just adds to the ascent of criminal components and acts in the public arena. At the point when a man can take a firearm and fire another man since he guarantees that the man plate him, at that point one needs to inquire as to whether these tunes are not degenerate to the melodic articulation of Jamaica. The ongoing shooting of top Danceable artistes Mad Cobra and Online Edwards of Voice Mail have brought about reestablished calls for Jamaica artistes and the country all in all to stand firm against the wrongdoing and brutality that has overwhelmed the country overall to stand firm against the wrongdoing and savagery that has surpassed the island. It is certainly now an ideal opportunity for all well reasoning Jamaican and fanatics of danceable to pull back their help from artistes and music and music makers who proceed to deliver and advance tunes with verses that celebrate firearms, brutality and criminals, There is no spot in todays Jamaica for lyricists, entertainers and music makers who devote time and assets to making and advancing such melodies, and who tell their fans that Informer FL dead. A few verses of danceable music likewise make packs in networks and schools. The celebrated Gully and Gaza are a prime model. Numerous people group in Jamaica, particularly Kingston are tormented with spray painting of which side they are related with, regardless of whether one saying Gaza and the other saying Gully and Gully can't wander on Gaza region less is war. Because of network isolation, it channels in the Dance Hall Music By crush impact the youngsters need? Where is this coming from? Two of Jamaican generally famous and compelling artistes, Webs Karate and Moved are the innovators of this rubbish. Another crucial commitment that the defilement of danceable music forces on Jamaican melodic articulation is that it opens youth to degenerate sexual practices. I some youngsters tune in to the vast majority of Jamaican well known artistes tunes and furthermore copies them. They play these artistes as their good example and try to do they say others should do. The expressive substance of danceable tune Romping Shop by flavor and Webs Karate talk adjoins :daggering which implies no-nonsense sex is just showing the youngsters to embrace freak sexual practices in this way ruining their notoriety, character and respect. Woman Saws melodies Stab up the Meat or Back Shot is just uncovering the youngsters to have the inclination or the longing for sexual exercises. These tunes are just taking care of the cerebrums of the youngsters to get useless and cripple. Indeed, even the scanty garments that the youngsters are wearing and setting up themselves for a wide range of misuse are originating from the melodies being sung by danceable artistes who ought to be acceptab le good examples for them to follow. Some danceable melodies have obtrusive sexual articulation. For instance, lines from this mainstream tune from Webs Karate, Gal UCM wine up, UCM pivot and wine up. .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44 , .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44 .postImageUrl , .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44 , .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44:hover , .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44:visited , .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44:active { border:0!important; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44:active , .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc16b02fc3f23c a4fd5564ff937304e44 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc16b02fc3f23ca4fd5564ff937304e44:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Music Video Overviews EssayPose lake De c**KY and wine up. These chronicle artistes have had are as yet having a critical antagonistic effect on the estimations of youngsters. At long last, ballroom music is a debasement of Jamaican melodic articulation and subsequently paints an awful picture of the music business both locally and universally. The ongoing declaration of a boycott limiting Bounty Killer, Bennie Man and Moved from making a trip to the assembled state is the most recent in a progression of what should now be stressing improvements in the Jamaica music industry. The bans come in the wake of brief stop request forced on Elephant Man from leaving the island. Webb Cartels failure to make a trip to the United States and Bus Baboons present imprisonment in Florida Jail, the current restriction on these demonstrations illustrates Jamaica music. What is progressively irksome is the Europeans are getting progressively hesitant to allow visas to Jamaican acts because of what are answering to be homophobic concerns. US of America and different nations are clarifying that a few things won't go on without serious consequences. Remain in Jamaica and regurgitate your bath verses. On the news dated Monday, November 8, 2010, SST. Andrew North police are looking for two of artists most mainstream artistes, Webs Karate and Moved as people of intrigue. This isn't the first run through these two names and others are looked for by the police for addressing. Take for instance, Ninja Man who captured and charged for homicide. This achieves a decrease in income or settlement to the nation and furthermore uncovered the melodic business to open analysis both locally and universally. These artiste need to regard another keeps an eye on nation and tidy up their verses. What brain of message are these artistes sending the young people? Jamaica is in an emergency and we Even the Broadcasting Commission of Jamaica prohibited a significant number of the danceable tunes from wireless transmissions because of the indecent melodious substance of the greater part of these tunes to save the respectability of the melodic business. All things being equal, Jamaican melodic articulation is ruined because of the verses of danceable music which adds to wrongdoing and viciousness uncovered adolescents of society to freak sexual practices and paints an awful picture on the melodic business both locally and universally and along these lines it ought not be empower at all.

Information Processing Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Processing Theory - Research Paper Example This paper will feature the hypothesis and demonstrate and dissect how its application in understanding the issues of youngsters with uncommon requirements. For the cerebrum to play out any of its capacities, it receives a sensible request of preparing data. The data preparing hypothesis is practically equivalent to the working of a PC. The hypothesis addresses three pieces of the mind. These incorporate the tactile memory that gets all tangible information. The short memory effectively forms the apparent improvements through a few psychological procedures. The parts of example acknowledgment and consideration come in near assistance the short memory process the upgrades. In the wake of handling, other complex methodology move the data to the drawn out memory. Recovery frequently happens from the drawn out memory. Data in the momentary memory is available for constrained measures of time and frequently experiences rot after time slips by. In the social setting, Crick and Dodge develo ped a model that features the stepwise way wherein the human brain forms expressive gestures from the purpose of gathering to the creation of reaction. In this model, it turns out to be evident that the mind doesn't react to improvements without preparing. Despite what might be expected, a few stages are fundamental for the human cerebrum to create a pertinent reaction (Flood, Hare, and Wallis, 2011). In the underlying phases of the social data handling, the mind revels effectively in the encoding and making translations out of prompts from the social setting or interior sources. The translation procedure incorporates investigation of causes, thought of both self and inductions from others, objective appraisal and past execution assessment. In the subsequent stage, the cerebrum utilizes a few systems so as to explain the objective of the procedure. In the wake of accomplishing lucidity on the social objectives expected, the cerebrum at that point enjoys systems that outcome to impor tant methodologies planned for delivering viable reaction. Recollections, social standards, and recognition of the circumstance assume a pivotal job in deciding the methodologies embraced. The cerebrum at that point investigates the subsequent reaction basically as indicated by virtues, cultural desires, and surveying the potential response from the others. Ultimately, the human psyche gauges its ability to sanction the last reaction. At long last, choice of the best reaction and the related conduct code happens (Flood, Hare, and Wallis, 2011). Youngsters with uncommon requirements depict insufficiencies in the social data preparing. A delineation is the situation of kids with Asperger condition who depict a scope of incapacities in the procedures portrayed in the Crick and Dodge model. Past research recommends that kids with this condition introduced challenges in attribution of their purposes, age of fitting reactions and assessment of the significance of the reaction (Flood, Hare , and Wallis, 2011). It gets fundamental for extraordinary requirements educators to comprehend the troubles of youngsters experiencing this condition so as to assist them with improving in the preparing of social adequately. Tur-Kaspa (2004) utilized a similar social data handling model to evaluate the learning handicaps

The Write Stuff

The Write Stuff Okay, so youve come up with a great idea for your paper, or you want your brochure to boost sales, or you must make a positive first impression with your cover letter. Whats the secret? Once you have the title, headline or salutation, what next? Should you just start writing and hope that something brilliant will come to you as you write?Building a well-written and thus well-received document doesnt happen instantly; its a process of thinking, organizing, writing and, maybe most importantly, rewriting. Before you write, you must clearly understand the point of your paper, plan (either in your head or in a written outline) what you want to say, and begin to organize your ideas. Keep in mind that when you speak, you can get away with digressions and fragmented thoughts, but when you write, you must be clear and logical.When you are ready to put pen to paper, or in most cases, fingers to keyboard, start simply. Give all your ideas a chance to sink or float by transmitting them to visual form; that gives your document the basic substance it needs to begin. This can be in a fragmented form as information gathered from reference materials, interesting tidbits about your topic or just random ideas you are considering using. Then, and only then, start to expand thoughts into sentences and paragraphs, discarding ideas or conclusions as you go, keeping the ones that are strongest and will have the best chance of informing or persuading the reader.This first draft is nowhere near your completed work, as no amount of planning can totally eliminate the need for improvement. Now you need to step back for at least a short time, so that you can face your first draft with a clear head and an objective eye. Its time to begin rewriting.Think first about the whole you are trying to create, rather than the details (punctuation, grammar, etc.), before you begin to alter its parts. Does the overall document convey your message in a logical, thought-provoking manner, or is it disorgan ized and clumsy? When you read from paragraph to paragraph, is there a clear, smooth transition? Did you rush through an explanation or description without giving it the proper attention? Have you supported all your claims or results with adequate background information, statistics or references?Step back once again. Have a cup of coffee or go jog around the block. Clear your mind so that you can view your paper again with fresh eyes and mind. Now is the time to move sentences and paragraphs around, combine choppy thoughts into easily read sentences and delete unnecessary words, phrases or even paragraphs. Just as a personal trainer helps you tone your body, you are toning your paper into a lean, strong communications tool.Surely you are now finished. But wait â€" what about the details mentioned above? Now you must carefully check your punctuation, grammar and sentence structure; sometimes passing a course, making a sale or getting a job hinges on a misused semicolon or a careless pronoun reference. This is an especially important step for ESL (English Second Language) writers because the rules of English are not easy to learn nor always sensible. First, use your Spell Check! Many grades have been lowered, customers lost and resumes tossed in the reject pile because of a misspelled word. Then closely examine your punctuation. Do you have more commas than necessary? Have you misused colons or semicolons? Can you read each sentence separately and have it make sense? On the way to making your paper the best it can be, you must focus on each and every detail.Be hard on yourself. Question your phrasing and the appropriateness of word choice. Keep your thesaurus nearby and experiment with your vocabulary. Remember that just committing your thoughts to paper or monitor does not make them sacred; it only gives you a visual field in which to place your ideas in their strongest positions. By playing Devils advocate, you will identify weaknesses and make your paper even stronger.Rewriting also indicates your concern for your reader. While many poets write for themselves and their individual personal passions, you are probably writing for a specific reader or audience. Read your paper as if you were the professor, the customer or the Human Resources Director. No technical skills or fancy vocabulary can make up for the need to read your message through your readers eyes.To recapSelect a topic for your paper.Gather all your reference materials and thoughts, and put them down in a loose outline.Manipulate that information into a tighter outline, expanding and discarding ideas as you go.Begin formulating sentences and paragraphs, and placing them in a logical order to produce a first draft.First rewrite: Examine the paper for illogical sequences or unsupported claims or ideas.Second rewrite: Move sentences and paragraphs to more logical positions to strengthen your points.Third rewrite: Check the details of punctuation, grammar and sentence structure, and correct errors.Fourth rewrite: Read your paper as your intended audience will read it, and make necessary changes.

History of Death Penalty in Texas - 2397 Words

History of the Death Penalty in Texas During the historical era in the state of Texas, the use of the death penalty was common and frequent; before 1923 districts carried out executions themselves, in the form of hanging. However in 1923 the state of Texas prepared every execution to be carried out by the state in Huntsville using the electric chair as the method of execution. The state of Texas put to death their first prisoner by electrocution on February 8, 1924 and there were four more executions following the very first one on that date. The inmates that were sentenced to death and the areas that the executions were taken place were located in the Huntsville division from 1928 to 1965, and the last electrocution was carried out on†¦show more content†¦With this being said in 2001 the legislature passed a law assuring DNA testing to any damned inmates whose innocence could possibly be protected as a consequence. Since the numbers of execution has declined per year from the high 30’s to the low 20†™s but this doesn’t have anything to with the advancement in the use of DNA. Furthermore, in 2005 the Supreme Court limited the claim of capital punishment when it ruled that inmates who committed capital offenses when they were a minor could not be put to death. Also Texas altered the law so that the prison term for capital murders would be life in prison and ineligible for parole instead of the death penalty; by using this method the outcome that would reflect less inmates being placed on death row and more inmates serving life. This method worked and usually jurors would send about 30 inmates to death row a year, however with the change in the law the jurors on send about 15 inmates to death row. As a result, the residents of death row have declined from 446 prisoners at the beginning of 2005 to 354 inmates at the beginning of 2009. The amount of prisoners presently on death row is the lowest it has been since 1992 (Carson). Current Law In the state of Texas the current law still remains the same, the local courts have authority every illegal felony case. If a person is found guilty of a capital felony, they may be sentence by death, if the State wanted punishment of that nature. Examples ofShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal871 Words   |  4 PagesThere are currently over 16,000 people legally sentenced to death worldwide. The State of Texas has 271 people on death row, the third most in America, but has executed the most people in the country. Twenty-five people have been executed this year in the U.S.; twelve of those have been executed in Texas (Facts). The death penalty must be abrogated because it is an ineffective, antiquated, and expensive form of punishment. Punishment by death has been around since Babylonian times, when the Code ofRead MoreCapital Punishment : An Ultimate Torture Method Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pages Capital punishment has been used as a penalty for criminal behavior for many years; however, its’ utilization has not been constant throughout American history. The basis of capital punishment has undergone a number of changes and improvements in the past, essentially alternating in and out of public favor. At its’ start, capital punishment was ultimately used as a means of torture. Criminals were bludgeoned, boiled, burned, torn apart by animals, etc.—it was an ultimate torture method. ThroughoutRead MoreDeath Penalty Is Unethical And Waste Of Millions969 Words   |  4 PagesDeath Penalty The death penalty how much does society really knows or understand about the process? Many people view the death penalty a justice â€Å"an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.† They it is justice and feels safe because of the option of the death penalty; however, most do not really know much about the process of executing a death row inmate, how much more the death penalty cost comparing with keeping an inmate in prison for life without parole. The death penalty is unethical and wasteRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is An Ethical Practice1111 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish II - 6th 4 April 2016 The Death Penalty According to the Death Penalty Information Center, there has been a total of 1,434 executions since 1978 (Part I). The death penalty is the penalization of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime (Part I). According to DPIC, there are 5 ways to do execution. Lethal injection (1977), electric chair (1888), gas chamber (1924), hanging (1890), and the firing squad (2010) all have a history of their own (Part I). These differentRead MoreEssay on Preserve or Outlaw?1731 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has been one of the most controversial issues in American history. Its complex history demonstrates how controversial the subject is. Capital punishment is the verdict of execution as a punishment for a person or persons convicted of committing a crime. In 1972, the Supreme Court determined that capital punishment violated the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. However, this ruling di d not last for long. In 1976, the courtRead MoreIs it Fair to Leave Capital Punishment Decisions to the States?1136 Words   |  5 Pageswhether the death penalty is acceptable. Since the death penalty is currently not considered cruel and unusual punishment according to the U.S. Supreme Court, it is within the rights of individual states to make decisions about its application. The U.S. now houses three sorts of jurisdictions: states without the death penalty by law (abolitionist states), states with the death penalty but insignificant numbers of executions (symbolic states), and states with both the death penalty in law andRead MoreJust Kill Em? Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesJust Kill ‘Em? The United States has a long history with the death penalty. The â€Å"first recorded execution was in Jamestown in 1608† (â€Å"Death Penalty in America† 259). Since then, thirty five states have continued to use the death penalty. Now it can be considered a normal punishment and many people feel strongly about it, but maybe we should forget what we have done in the past and take a second look. The death penalty should not be used in the United States because it is too expensive, affectsRead MoreThe Death Penalty Was The Babylonian King Hammurabi1539 Words   |  7 PagesName: Victoria Ming Topic: The Death Penalty I. Intro/Background A. History: 1. An early supporter of the death penalty was the Babylonian King Hammurabi. In his set of laws, he set the legal punishment â€Å"an eye for an eye†. This popular phrase was used to punish criminals with death for 25 crimes, although murder was not one of them. 2. By the 10th Century BC, hanging, drowning, boiling, and burning, were added as ways for punishing simple crimes, or even for actions that today would not be consideredRead MoreThe Capital Punishment Is Important For Consideration Is Intergovernmental Relations1423 Words   |  6 Pagesmaximum security versus putting a criminal to death. I will compare the difference between California, Texas and Florida and how it costs these three states so much money to keep their death penalty policy active. Finally, I will provide recommendations in regards to the implementation of the death penalty. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the execution of an offender sentence to death after a conviction by a court of law of a criminalRead MoreDeath Penalty: Time for Change Essay570 Words   |  3 PagesOnce a popular punishment for crime has now become one of the most controversial forms of punishment. The death penalty has been abolished in most civilized nations around the world and states in America are now reanalyzing this method of punishment. There are many critics of the death penalty that find this practice of punishment barbaric and uncivilized. There are however, many that still hold that the biblical verse of Exodus 21:23-24 â€Å"But if there is serious injury, you are to take life for

Effects Of Anxiety And Ill Health - 2143 Words

Assessing the Impact of Mood on the Physiological Response to Acute Stressors Project Summary There is a well-established link between stress and ill-health. However, a gap in the literature reveals that the underlying mechanisms triggering the onset of ill-health are not fully understood. Numerous stress-ill-health theories believe that affect can mediate the effect of stress on physiological responses (Chida Hamer, 2008). The aim in this study is to investigate the relationship between psychological aspects (mood, emotion, and coping) and sympathetic system responses to an acute stress challenge. Saliva samples will be collected from the participants before and after the acute stress challenge to calculate the presence of the enzyme†¦show more content†¦He has received several grants for his studies. His skills and expertise in this area come from over 10 years of experience in the field. He continues to provide sports psychology advice for state level athletes. Student Investigator: Darwina Weisser Email address: 18517643@students.latrobe.edu.au Phone: +61 4688 544 29 Qualifications: Third year student studying a Bachelor of Psychology The research team chosen by Bradley Wright includes dedicated psychology students in their third year studying psychology. His team is an excellent collection of ambitious, new research talents. Research Project Description Aims The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between various psychological responses (mood, emotion and coping) and the sympathetic nervous system response to an acute stress challenge. This will help understand the underlying mechanisms in the stress-ill-health relationship and will increase the knowledge about how psychological aspects may reduce physiological responses. Therefore, the collected knowledge will help form future interventions. Background and Significance Stress is known to negatively impact health. Psychological responses, such as mood, emotion and coping, influence the way we perceive stress and the impact it has on the physiological response (Chida Hamer, 2008). Past studies have used the hormone cortisol to test the stress response(Dickerson

Customer Is Always Right Free Essays

A business’s keeness to put customers first Important to reach a business’s objectives and goals Customer is the main source of revenue Important to follow the policy in order to retain customers To retain company’s image and reputation Avoid bad public relation Avoid customer desertion Avoid law suits Leads to higher profitability 10. Satisfied and happy customers will promote your products or services 11. Having your customers as ambassadors help you expand your business quickly 12. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Is Always Right or any similar topic only for you Order Now Helps company to operate more efficiently in long run 13. Listening to complaints or feedbacks will help a business to identify and ammend its weakness. 14. Customers whose complaints are attended to are more likely to be returning customers. 15. Lowers employees’ morale 16. Unfair to employees 17. Reduces a business’s profitabilty 18. Demanding customers are a waste of time and resources 19. Time used to deal with over-demanding customers can instead be used for potential good ones instead. 20. Employees should be well equipped with training to improve customer service. 21. Customers who are angry and unsatisfied will resort to a business’s rivals. Argument 2 : Obtain higher profitability in the long term. Argument 3 : It helps the business to operate more effectively in the future. Counter Argument 2 : It creates unhappy employees, lowers employees morale and motivation to work. Thesis Statement : Is is important for businesses to always have the policy that the customer is right because it will retain a company’s image, uphold its reputation, leads to a higher profit and enables the business to operate more effectively. Topic Sentence 1 : Retain a company’s image and reputation. Supporting statement: 1) It will be quicker to reach a business’s objectives and goals. ) Avoid unwanted situations such as negative publicity, desertion by customers and legal suits. Topic Sentence 2 : Obtain higher profitability in the long term. Supporting statement: 1) Customers whose complaints are attended efficiently will most likely be returning customers; there will be brand loyalty. 2) Unhappy customers are most likely t o tell their unsatisfaction to others and the business will risk losing potential clients to their rivals. Topic Sentence 3 : It helps the business to operate more effectively in the future. Supporting statement : 1) Negative feedbacks can be used as constructive criticism for improvement. ) Customers will remain loyal if their feedbacks are taken into consideration and they will not defect to a business’s rival. Topic Sentence 4 : Some customers are more troubles than they are worth. Supporting Statement : 1) In the midst of satisfying customers, business profitablity will drop due to the need to rectify problems and givecompensations. 2) Some customers are just wasting your time and resources. Topic Sentence 5 : It creates unhappy employees Supporting statement : 1) It lowers employees’ morale. 2) It lowers employees’ motivation to work. Refutation : ) Although the policy will cause businesses to spend more time and resources in dealing with demanding customer s, it will garner higher customer loyalty and expand the consumer base. 2) Despite that the policy may create unhappiness among employees, it is their job to ensure that customer satisfaction comes first above others. Conclusion: Thepolicy is important to all businesses because it not only generate higher profits but also maintain it’s image and reputation alongside to an effective opperation Topic Sentence 1 : First of all, it will retain the company image and reputation. ) It will avoid negative image of public relation. 2) Save cost as possible legal suits can be prevented. 3) Desertion by the customers can be avoided. *Topic Sentence 2 : Second*ly*, it wil*l increase profitability. Supporting statement : 1) Brand loyalty will exist and customer can be retained. 2) Happy customers will help to advertise and promote your company. 3) Unsatisfied customers will persuade others to stop the purchase of goods and services from your company. Topic Sentence 3 : However, maintainin g this busine*ss policy will eventually makes *the employees unhappy. Supporting statement : *Topic Sentence 4 : In addition, *it gives abrasive customer an unfair advantage. Supporting statement : 1) Company is forced to compensate and this increase cost. 2) Similar incidents will happen again if is not handled properly. At this point, one may wonder if we should maintain this policy or dispose it, but in order for a company to survive, this policy should be followed by every company to avoid profit declination and due to the reason that satisfying employees’ needs will eventually ignore the customer satisfaction. Introduction : In today’s competitive world, a business must always have the policy that the consumer is right because it does not only retain a company’s image and reputation, it also leads to higher profitability in the long term and helps the company to operate more efficiently in the future. *Topic Sentence 1 : *The policy will retain and strengthen *a company’s *image and reputation, making them a step quicker at reaching their objectives and goals. Supporting statement: 1) Good customer service is important for a company to be different from others. ) Avoid unwanted situations such as negative publicity, desertion by customers and legal suits. *Topic Sentence 2 : *It is undeniable that higher profits are obtained in the long term by these businesses as well. Supporting statement: 1) Customers who have their complaints and suggestions attended efficiently are most likely to be your returning customers. 2) When a client becomes dissatisfied, you risk losing t hat business plus potential business if negative comments about your company are passed along. Topic Sentence 3 : It helps the business to operate more effectively in the future. Supporting statement : 1) Negative feedbacks can be used as constructive criticism for improvement. 2) Customers will remain loyal if their feedbacks are taken into consideration and they will not defect to a business’s rival. Topic Sentence 4 : Some customers are more troubles than they are worth. Supporting Statement : 1) Company begins to suffer from having a bad seed on your client list and this will cause profit to drop. ) Some customers are just a waste of time because they will never be satisfied. Topic Sentence 5 : It creates unhappy employees Supporting statement : 1) It lowers employees’ morale. 2) It lowers employees’ motivation to work. Refutation : 1) Although the policy will cause businesses to spend more time and resources in dealing with demanding customers, it will garner higher customer loyalty and expand the consumer base. 2) Despite that the policy may create u nhappiness among employees, it is their job to ensure that customer satisfaction comes first above others. In today’s competitive world, a business must always have the policy that the consumer is right because it does not only retain a company’s image and reputation, it also leads to higher profitability in the long term and helps the company to operate more efficiently in the future. Businesses must be aware that their consumers are the essence of their company. Without consumers, the business would cease to exist. The phrase, ‘The customer is always right’ can be explained as the trading policy that states a company’s keenness to be seen to put customers first (Martin, 1996). It was originally coined by Harry Gordon Selfridge in 1909 and often used by businesses to convince customers that they will receive good service or convince employees to deliver good service. Many businesses argue that there are customers who are just plain wrong and unreasonable while others are mostly just seeking advantage. However, in this current economic climate, companies cannot afford to neglect their customers’ wants and needs if they are planning to stay in business for the long term. Therefore, it makes perfect sense that the said policy encourages a company’s growth despite lowering employees morale and giving abrasive consumers an advantage. Businesses which implement the policy will retain and strengthen their image and reputation, making them a step quicker at reaching their objectives and goals. James Kocsi (2006) says, â€Å"To be competitive, you need to analyze what makes your company different from others in your industry. Pricing and quality are always the key factors, but do not overlook the value of customer service. † Clearly, this shows that customer service means delivering satisfaction to all your clients even if they are wrong or irrational. In short, your consumers are always right and this meant making an adjustment to satisfy them even when your company is not at fault. It helps minimize negative image of public relation being passed around when customers are unsatisfied with your product or services, avoid desertion by them and most ultimately, save your company from the complications of possible legal suits (Witzel, 2005). It is undeniable that higher profits are obtained in the long term by these businesses as well. Customers who have their complaints and suggestions attended efficiently are most likely to be your returning customers. The policy indirectly creates brand loyalty among them and they become your product ambassadors. In Josh Hall’s (2009) view, engaging with unsatisfied customers and exceeding their expectations can frequently result in a positive business outcome from a potentially damaging situation. This can be done by sending a letter of apology or similar gestures to help solidify a positive impression in the customer’s eyes. Rombel (2004) points out that bad customer service can cost you a long-time client. He added that the customer scorned is likely to tell everyone he knows about what happened to him. When a client becomes dissatisfied, you risk losing that business plus potential business if negative comments about your company are passed along. Witzel (2005) states that disgruntled consumers tend to defect to rival businesses. He suggests accepting responsibility than to argue with customers where responsibility lies. This is due to the fact that there is little profit earned and more damage being done regardless of whom is at fault. Besides that, business will operate more effectively in the future upon having the policy that the customer is always right. Rather than taking negative feedbacks as criticism, they should have the mindset that their customers are always right and use it for improvement to provide better products or services. Daud (2009) stated that pleasing customers is fundamental and it should be at the forefront of our minds when we work and gaining new ones as the ultimate incentive for improving service. He further explains that shoppers read reviews prior to making purchase decisions. Positive reviews are beneficial as a form of effective form of advertising while negative ones can be used as constructive criticism to fix weak areas. According to Morisson (2008),complaints usually come from loyal customers, rather than disloyal ones. He added that loyal customers tell you what is wrong in the hope that it will improve the situation, so that they do not have to defect to your competitors, and it gives your business a valuable opportunity to identify and fix problems, make amends and retain a possibly lost business. Granted, the policy that the customer is right is vital to a business’s wellbeing but however, in reality, some customers are just more troubles than they are worth. There are times where a customer is not always right, especially if your company begins to suffer from having a bad seed on your client list (Brodsky Mitchell, 2007). According to Brodsky and Mitchell, living by the policy may cause businesses to overlook or excuse a customer’s bad behavior due to the need to satisfy any client that pays. These customers are usually your regular clients, but despite attempts to rectify their dissatisfaction, they constantly complaint that you are not up to their expectations. This clearly gives abrasive customers an unfair advantage, and as a result, the company will need to compensate them in terms of monetary, refunds, exchanges and discounts which will all lead to a lower profitability. Besides that, repetition of similar incidents will happen if it is not dealt with in a proper way. For example, Brown (2009) argues that bad customers are a waste of time and resources because the costs of serving them will outweigh the benefits you will receive from them. Furthermore, businesses need to decide if they are to side with a emanding and unreasonable customer or their loyal employee. The act of trying to please your customers, even if they are at wrong, will create unhappy employees and this will eventually lead to lower morale and less motivation to work. Forcing employees to deal with obnoxious, unrealistic and abusive customers reduces morale (Brown, 2009). It gives employees a mentality that they are not valued by the company and they should not have an y respect for the customers. She adds that, â€Å"The time that you spend trying to satisfy the impossible customer decreases the benefits you can provide to the good ones. Your most demanding customers are not your profitable ones. Rewarding them reduces your resources without a return on investment. † ING Direct, a finance institution, reported that there was a 45% of increase in profits between 2002 and 2003 when they started getting rid of overly demanding customers (Esfahani, 2004). Although the policy might cause a business to spend more time and resources in dealing with demanding customers, it has been proven that it garners higher customer loyalty and greatly expands consumer base. A survey conducted by Retail Council of Canada proved that store loyalty increases dramatically when customers enjoy a great shopping experience. This is because of the high likelihood of returning customers and those who spread their great shopping experiences to others will help boost business sales (Retail Council of Canada, 2009). Kent (2004) points out that good customer service should be emphasised above all else, even when it comes to customers who may simply waste time with never-ending, pointless calls. He quoted that employees are employed to satisfy every customer and therefore, customer satisfaction comes first above all else. They should therefore be equipped with training programs to provide better services and deal with demanding customers effectively. In conclusion, the policy that the customer is right is a fundamental rule to all businesses because it retains a company’s image and reputation, leads to higher profitability in the long term and helps the company to operate more efficiently in the future. Brown, P. B. , 2009. â€Å"Know When to Fire a Customer. New York Times, September 16. Avaliable from: http://www. proquest. com/ [Accessed on October 16, 2009] Daud, N. , 2009. The Power of Online Customer Feedback. Available from: http://www. businesswings. co. uk/articles/The-power-of-online-customer-feedback [Accessed on October 18, 2009] Esfahani, E. , 2004. â€Å"How To†¦ : Get Tough With Bad Customers. † Business 2. 0, 5, no. 9: 52. Available from: Business Source Premier. [Accessed on October 16, 2009] Hall, J. , 2009. â€Å"How To Deal With Customer Complaints and Profit. † Real Business, [internet] Septenber 20. Available from : http://www. realbusiness. co. uk/news/sales-and-marketing/5692676/how-to-deal-with-customer-complaints-and-profit. thtml [Accessed on October 15, 2009] Kent, S. , 2004. When is enough, enough? Personnel Today. Available from: http://www. proquest. com/ [Accessed on October 18, 2009] Kocsi, J. , 2006. â€Å"What Makes You Different from the Rest? † NJBIZ, September 4. no. 36:10. Martin, G. , 1996-2009. The customer is always right. Available from: http://www. phrases. org. uk/meanings/106700. html. [Accessed on October 15, 2009] Morrison, R. , 2008. Spinning Straw Into Gold:Turn Customer Feedback Into Business Success. Available from: http://www. customerthink. com/article/spinning_straw_gold_turn_customer_feedback [Accessed on October 18, 2009] [Accessed on October 18, 2009] Rombel, A. , 2004. â€Å"Who Says The Customer Is Always Right? † Business Journal (Central New York) 18, no. 50: 24. Available from: Regional Business News [Accessed on October 15, 2009] Witzel, M. , 2005. Keep your relationship with clients afloat. FT. com, January 30. Available from: http://www. proquest. com/ [Accessed on October 15, 2009] How to cite Customer Is Always Right, Papers

Che Guevara Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Che Guevara for Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction Ernesto Che Guevara was a Marxist revolutionary from Argentina. Along with being a revolutionary, he was also an author, a physician, guerrilla leader, military theorist. He was born in June 14, 1928, in Argentina. He belonged to an upper middle class family. He studies medicine and aspired to become a doctor. A very controversial figure, he hoped to change the world. According to Cambre, 2015, Che Guevara has been described as being a guerrilla leader in the highest form in the mankind. Leadership needs to be applied across all the roles expected of a leader. A leader does not only mean to lead others. It refers to creating a revolution with new thoughts and outlooks, and convinces people from across the world to follow those ideologies. He is considered to be a leader since he possessed the qualities that a ideal leader should possess. The various qualities such as empathetic listening, leading, motivating, convincing power, leading from the front are some of the qualities that are expected of a leader and Che Ghevara had all these qualities. He is considered to be a successful leader, since the followers of his philosophy have created a revolution and a new era of politics. Achievements of Che-Guevara The major achievements of Che-Guevara are as follows: Improving the literacy rate and reduction of illiteracy in Cuba. Trusted by followers. Che-Guevara was treated like a celebrity by people from around the world (Farber, 2016). Land reforms for the farmers and fighting against land monopoly. Formation of open universities, such that it is accessible for everyone. Fighting for countries and people who were not his own. The personality of Che Guevara was an influential one. He was a charismatic leader, with entrepreneur qualities. He had a good control over his emotions and a strong personality. Traits of Che-Guevara Personality traits refer to the distinguished characteristic of a person that distinguishes one person from the other. This includes habitual patterns such as temperament and emotional balance of the person. The most essential traits of Che-Guevara are as follows: One of the major traits of Che-Guevara is that he had been fighting for countries and people that was not his own. He is considered as the modern day saint by many of the people since he gave his life fighting for various causes in different countries (Harris et al., 2015). The social inequalities in Bolivia and Cuba were mitigated by the revolutions put forward by Che Guevara. Another essential trait that was observed is the fight against the land monopoly. Che Guevara fought bravely against the people who monopolized he lands for gaining personal benefits (Rizwan, 2017). Moreover, he was also responsible for breaking large landholdings and redistributed them to the framers. Che Guevara was an enthusiastic leader. He carried out literary campaigns in order to enhance the rate of literacy in Cuba. He realized that due to lack of education among the farmers, the land monopoly could be carried out by the landlords. Moreover, he influenced the government of Cuba to built schools, colleges and universities to improve the literacy rate in Cuba (Lust, 2016). The leader, along with being a Marxist revolutionary, was a doctor. He could have settled for his career as a doctor (Rizwan, 2017). However, he had put aside his ambition and went forward with his ideals. He worked for the poor and fought against the social discrimination, thus sacrificing his career as a doctor. The other leadership traits of Che Guevara includes communicating openly and frequently with the followers (Rizwan, 2017). Moreover, taking firm decisions and motivating others to follow the decisions. Che Guevara strongly believed on what he witnessed. He witnessed the suffering of the poor and discrimination among them (Rizwan, 2017). Hence, he fought bravely with the landlords and discriminators and saved the people of various countries. Che Guevara had an influential personality and could influence mass easily. After being successful in the guerrilla war, people were influenced to believe that this kind of war would bring success, profit and prosperity to Cuba. References Cambre, M. C. (2015).The Semiotics of Che Guevara: Affective Gateways. Bloomsbury Publishing. Farber, S. (2016).The Politics of Che Guevara: Theory and Practice. Haymarket Books. Harris, H., Schwartz, M., Lynch, S., Beard, M. (2015).Conscience, Leadership and the Problem of'dirty Hands'. Emerald Group Publishing. Lust, J. (2016). The Role of the Peruvian Guerrilla in Che Guevara's Continental Guerrilla Project.Bulletin of Latin American Research,35(2), 225-239. Rizwan,. (2017). 5 Traits That Made Che Guevara An Icon. TopYaps. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from https://topyaps.com/5-traits-made-che-guevara-icon

A comparison Between Asian Americans and Latinos

A comparison Between Asian Americans and Latinos For a long time, most people were convinced that a child was bestowed with a certain level of intelligence at birth. Past studies have revealed that genetics could not have been the sole determinant of a child’s intelligence. However, as the world changed from using genetics to explain differences in intelligence, there was also a corresponding shift to focus on culture and the environment. Culture is now believed to be the determining factor in explaining differences between races (Liu 5). By examining how learning takes place between Asian Americans, it emerges that we are more intelligent than the rest of the population, in addition, it also emerges that the environment has something to do with the grades achieved by both the Latinos and the Asian Americans. This paper shall endeavor to compare the Asian Americans with the Latino ethnic group. It will mainly focus on how learning takes place within the two groups and the associated outcome. In addition, the paper will also use an article by Fuller and Garcia Coll (2010) to explore the choices made by parents and how they affect learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A comparison Between Asian Americans and Latinos specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article by Fuller and Garcia Coll (559) discusses the environment in which children are brought up in Latino households. It especially focuses on immigration and how it affects the manner in which children grow up.Using four theoretical frameworks, the paper explains how learning and development take place within culturally bounded context. In their analysis, the authors show how learning is perceived as taking place and the changes that have occurred over the years. The paper further explains how traditional Latino families are able to keep the family close and support their children socially. It also highlights the pressure on children and teenagers to assimilate into the American cu lture and how this poses a risk to their development. Overall, its aim is to bring an understanding of how learning takes place within groups that are heavily influenced by culture. This paper argues that Latino children use socialization practices to create their identity at home. The social practices acquired at school further influence their school performance (Fuller Garcia Coll 560). There is an obvious different in the family sizes of both the Latinos and the Asian Americans. For example, Latinos living in America typically have larger families than Asian Americans. Such Latinos as the Mexican Americans had 2.4 children on average as of 2003 while white and other minorities had an average of 2.0 children, according to study conducted by Fuller et al 2009 (qtd. in Fuller Garcia Coll 561). This difference has contributed to the disparity observed in terms of development between the two groups. The cognitive development of children raised in large families tends to be slower th an that of children raised in smaller families (Fuller Garcia Coll 561). This is because as the size of the family increases there is a corresponding depletion of the available resources. The order in which the children are born also affects the quality of each child’s education. For example, the first child gets a good education while those born later in families do not get as much education (Black et al.6). The interest and commitment that parents show their first child also declines as the number of children increases as they are now faced with the responsibility of taking care of more children.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Asian American parents differ from Latino parents in the way they approach their children’s schoolwork. From an early age, Latinos create an environment that enables a child to observe and copy the behavior of the society (Ful ler Garcia Coll 560). Asian Americans believe that the child should be solely focused on school and do not encourage distractions that interfere with it. Any activities such as sports, taking part in school plays or socializations are considered distractions. For those Asian American parents who own businesses, their children are not permitted to work in the shops while neglecting their school work (8). For Latino parents, the learning that takes place for their children is more observational than book related. Learning in Latino families takes place through participation in everyday activities. Children will do household chores and take care of the younger ones in the family. Teenagers are also allowed to work for pay to improve the family’s economic status (Fuller Garcia 563). The Asian American and Latino families both aim to improve their status through their children but their approach differs. Asian Americans students do better academically than Latino students. A stu dy by (Liu, 2) shows that the number of Asian American students who complete college is two thirds greater than that of Latinos (2). Asian Americans do better in school as their parents have advanced education, they are able to attend schools with enough resources, their peers support them and their community is always looking out for them (Liu 5). Latinos do not do as well as Asian Americans as they are not fully focused on academics alone. They are heavily involved in community activities and extracurricular activities. They are also eager to assimilate into the American culture and this affects their academic performance. Second generation Latino teenagers succumb to peer pressure and let go of family duties leading to a deterioration of their performance in school according to a study by Fuligni 2001 (qtd. in Fuller and Garcia Coll 560). First generation Latinos are more engaged in school work as they are able to identify more closely with their ethnic community (Fuller Garcia Coll 560). The instability of being torn between two cultures affects Latinos more than Asian Americans as Asian Americans are more integrated and less likely to be totally assimilated in their childhood.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A comparison Between Asian Americans and Latinos specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Conclusion, this paper has shown that there are various forms of learning. Using an article by Fuller and Garcia (2010) it has explored how learning takes place in the Latino community. For example, learning can take place through observation as practiced by Latinos. On the other hand, the Asian Americans have a preference for academic learning. This paper has explained how Latinos differ from Asian Americans when it comes to modes of learning. It has shown that in early childhood, Asian Americans prefer that their children concentrate on schoolwork and avoid any extracurricular or social activities while Latinos see observational learning as beneficial to the child and are encouraged to work to support their families. It has also explained that the large size of Latino families hinders learning due to a scarcity of resources and inadequate attention on each individual child. It has also shown that this may be why Latino students perform poorly in school in comparison with the Asian American students. The paper has pointed out that as the second generation Latinos try to emulate their American counterparts and in the process, they lose track of their school work and perform poorly in comparison with first generation Latinos. Black, Sandra, Devereux, Paul, and Salvanes, Kjell 2004, The More the Merrier? The Effect of Family Composition on Children’s Education. PDF file. 12 Feb. 2013. econ.ucla.edu/people/papers/Black/Black493.pdf. Fuller, Bruce and Garcia Coll, Cynthia. â€Å"Learning From Latinos: Contexts, Families, and Child Development in Motion. â€Å"Developmenta l Psychology, 46.3 (2010):559-565. Print. Liu, Eric. The Accidental Asian, New York: Vintage Books, 1998. Print.

Essay on Greece and Greek Philosopher

Essay on Greece and Greek Philosopher Essay on Greece and Greek Philosopher The Ancient Greek contribution ranged by the 1900-133 BC, however its influence on the Western Literate Society lasts to this day. As the Greeks expanded their empire, they spread their ideas to other countries, while also borrowing from other cultures. During this period of time, the Greeks made many significant and long-lasting contributions to our modern culture in Philosophy, Art, Democracy, Drama, Math, and Science. These giving of important ideas, inventions, and structures have had an extraordinary influence on the surrounding environment, society, and in the future. The essential contributions of Greeks to the Western Civilization are Democracy, Art, and Philosophy. One thing that the ancient Greek affected western civilization is politics. It was the Greeks who developed a democracy, they were the very first. Pericles stated that he wanted all citizens to have an equal opportunity to serve the public. In both the US democracy and the Greeks democracy, political privilege can be use by citizens. An example of a political privilege can be use by citizens in Greek was that laws were voted upon and to able to nominate by the assembly of all citizens. In the US when citizens are 18 and older they are granted the right to vote. In the US most of the democratic system that the government uses is either identical or very similar to the Ancient Greek system. Perhaps the most famous piece of ancient Greek art work is Myron’s famous marble sculpture of The Discus Thrower. Myron’s art represents an Olympic event called Discus. The marble sculpture is notable because it reveals the ancient Greek value of athletics. The ancient Olympics were made up of a series of athletic matches that the people of the city-states within Greece would participate in. The city-states would put aside all differences to participate in these events to show their victory. The Olympics, that the ancient Greeks held, inspired other civilizations to hold an Olympics to test their athletes as well. A world Olympics is still held

Long paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Long paper - Essay Example tific realism provides a cause effect relationship that helps to substantiate their way of reasoning, hence providing an efficient way of explaining physical phenomena. From a critical point of view, scientific modeling and existence of different experimental approaches provides cohesive formulas that can explain scientific phenomena. As a result, scientific theories have found their way in defining different situations that no other school of thoughts can explain. Therefore, the logical nature of scientific realism has made it more applicable in defining scientific phenomena in the contemporary world. The argument is that modeling and experimentation makes scientific realism a compelling approach despite the existence of false assumptions in development of scientific theories. Scientific realism is one of the traditional schools of thought that seek to explain the truth about complex phenomena of the world. The main tenet of scientific realism is that scientific theories, in a great way, provide factual and truthful information on the nature of the world. Notably, scientific theories have provided reliable explanation on complex phenomena from the way atoms behave to the way they the different elements of the world behave. Scientists have engaged in a wide range of activities including observation, experimentation and modeling to explain the nature of the world. History has defined the variation of theories and progressive scientific innovation. Recently, there has been an upsurge of criticism of the scientific approach as many authors’ expose different sides of the same coin (Boyd 54). While a number feel that these theories are reliable in explaining different situations, others view them as inferior and subject to manipulation. The opponents of these ideas state that scientific realism is subject to manipulation and that it fails to stand the test of time. The fact science leaves room for theoretical expansion has been exploited as a weakness of this idea of

Transportation Safety Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transportation Safety - Research Paper Example Notably the numbers can reduce only if more people took the initiative to drive safely. The commitment towards this should not be a one-person affair, but all persons involved in the transport sector from the top. Human life is sacred, and employers should make sure that the precautions on transport safety that they take are geared towards its preservation. Transportation safety greatly reduces accidents that would lead to loss of human life. Another advantage is that transportation fatalities are costly to the employer. During an accident involving an employee, there are going to be medical expenses on the part of the employer. Another thing is that there will be a loss on the capital: your employees are part of your capital, and when they are not at work, there are going to be losses incurred. There are also legal requirements for worker’s compensation, disability insurance as well as social security costs that the employer will have to cater for. On average, the U.S employers incur about $60billion annually as a result of this (Dhillon, 2011). This money would instead have been invested elsewhere to grow the economy. It is the concern of the government too that transport fatalities that may be avoided do not happen. The American National Standards Institute has written down guidelines for use when it comes to motor vehicle use so as to preserve lives. These safety guidelines are voluntary, but every employer should acquire them so as to ensure the safety of those persons he or she has entitled his employees to. There is also the 10-step program by Network of Employers for Transport Safety. This program is meant to guide the employers in minimizing the crash risks. These guidelines help the employers in hiring only competent drivers. These ten guidelines are: Having written procedures and policies is important for documentation and reference purposes. These policies should be widely available and accessible to all. The

Marks and Spencer Clothing Ranges | Analysis

Marks and Spencer Clothing Ranges | Analysis This report is pertaining to Marks Spencer UK Ref : 1) Identify and explain the different customer needs. Who are the three MS clothing ranges aimed to serve? Assume that the Perfect and Classic ranges serve essentially the same customer segment. 2) Identify and explain the order winners and qualifier for these three different clothing ranges at MS. 3) Apply the polar diagram to analyse and compare the different operations performance objectives for these three different clothing ranges at MS. Introduction: MARKS SPENCER (UK) Marks Spencer (MS) is a commercial organization and is one of the UK leading retailer of clothing and home product. Other than that, MS also selling high quality of foods and at the same time also provided financial service. MS claim to have 21 million of customer that visit to their store weekly and have 600 stores in UK and the business is expanding globally. MS have 2000 supplier and 75000 employees all around the world. MS also is the No. 1 women wear and lingerie provider in UK. Meanwhile the market share of men and children wear is expanding. Lastly, due to MS Plan A, a five year eco plan, MS is now more known for their green credential to become carbon free and no landfill waste by the year 2012. 1.0 Identify and explain the different customer needs which the three MS clothing ranges aimed to serve? Assume that the Perfect and Classic ranges serve essentially the same customer segment. 1.1 Identify the Segmentation. Market segmentation can be defined as the process of dividing a market into different segmentation by take in the consideration of the customers common needs or characteristic. (Schiffman Kanuk, 1997,p.46) In reference to the case study, the product agenda in the Marks Spencer can be divided by understanding segmentation is Season, Gender, Age. Season There are 4 seasons in United Kingdom, which is spring, autumn, summer and winter. By further reference to the case study, spring and autumn is the peak sales season of the Marks and Spencer. The clothing during spring and autumn is casual wear. And during this time, is when all the high-fashion wear take place as no heavy clothing is required. The figure below show the suitable clothing to be worn during spring and autumn season. Gender Marks and Spencer is targeted more on the women rather than man. This is factual that women are usually more into shopping and purchasing clothing than men. Take for instance; I usually go shopping for clothes once a year usually a few weeks before the Chinese New Year. It is Chinese tradition to wear new cloth during the celebration. Whereas my girl friend will keep on shopping whenever she likes together shopper impulse. The case study has a focus on women buying behavior pertaining to clothes. Age Product needs and interests vary with consumer age. Marketers have found age is a very useful demographic variable for distinguishing segments. (Schiffman Kanuk, 1997,p.53) By referring to the case study, Marks Spencer core and potential customer are women aged between 35 to 55. Where the women at this age are very active and the purchasing power is high. 1.2 Customer needs Customer needs are defined, XXXXXXXX. In the case of Marks Spencer the needs of women customers can be divided into the size, quality, design, pricing and also the services that are available to them in providing, them providing their personal and environmental needs. 1.2.1 The Size of the Clothing The different sizes of the clothing are one of the most important issues towards customer needs. A cloth can be designed with a very supreme layout, the colour can be extremely beautiful, the price can very reasonable and the quality can be fantastic, however when customer wants to purchase a particular clothing but not available in size, will result in customer behavioral stress with a perceptional and altitude change towards the item. MS should strategically consider in term of the size availability of the clothing that they wish to sell as compared to the women in Malaysia, the size are normally in the range S, M, L and XL as their body are relatively smaller if compare to the women in UK. 1.2.2 The Quality of the Clothing The quality is important to the customer and required need. The customer wants his money worth when she wears the clothes. From the case study, one of the customer stated that the cloth she purchase must be value for money. The busy lifestyle of today, the customers now need to be met by MS. They will preferred that the clothing that they purchase can be wash well and not require specialist washing and the cloth have to long last , colour not to fade and wont shrink while in wash. This is same for all the customers around the world. The customer is expecting the price will mirror the quality level of the product (Erickson and Johansson,1985 cited in Brassington and Pettitt, 2007,p.223). The quality of the goods and services accepted have to be equal to the money that they invested. 1.2.3 The design of the Clothing Good design satisfies customer, communicates the purpose of the product or service to its market, and bring financial rewards to the business. The objective of good design, whether of product or service is to satisfy customers by meeting their actual or anticipated needs and expectations (Slack, et al., 2010) The customers demand a good design of clothing and shall be not recognized as MS on the first sight especially for the premium and high fashion clothing. Customer needs for something that is more presentable and different from the other brands. This is best described for the autograph range clothing. The design has to be supreme, outstanding. As what we understand that the hot sales season of MS is during Spring And Autumn, and during this two season, heavy clothing is not required and this is the time when the people wear out fashion and trendy clothing. Therefore the design needs to be the main consideration of MS while they make the purchase decision. Whereas, the customers in Malaysia especially for women, they will rather visit a boutique rather than a supermarket to buy their clothing even though the price is higher because of the design. As the cloth in the boutique are unique and rarely found in other shops and this will eliminate the chances to get embarrassed as 2 person we ar the same clothing at a function or dinner. 1.2.4 The services A good service usually helps to make sales successful. Customers who come to MS expected to receive a good service, such as after sales service, consultant service and other basic services. However, in the case study, one of the customers stated that she would not make a special trip to buy a high-fashion item and rather to have an impulse purchase. The busy lifestyle today, purchase through the internet is becoming a common thing. MS do have this service, and the customers do not have to go to the store to view and to purchase for the clothing. The electronic catalogue on the website and online purchase is available. This is one of the services that are demanded by the customer. This service is productive as customers now do not need to step out from their home to purchase. Especially in a critical weather condition, helps remove customer stress. As for the goods to be delivered, somehow, if MS will set up a special department to deal with the delivery, the lead time will be reduced and the satisfaction level of customer on the service will be enhanced. 1.2.5 The Pricing Price- the main consideration of customer on purchase. Form the case, the customer had stated that they would pay a high price but the design and quality must be there. But it is not applicable for all the customer as for the customer which comes from a middle and low income level, pricing will be an issue. As in Malaysia, if the product sell is cheap and worth, even though there is no advertisement, the store will have a lot of customers. From the consumer perception, the price of a product reflects the value that they attach to whatsoever is being exchanged. While the customer is making purchase decision, the marketer is considered be making a promise to the customer about what is the product and what is the value of it. The consumer is then going to determine the promise against the price and thus decide whether it is worth paying (Zeithaml, 1988 cited in Brassington and Pettitt, 2007,p.223). The same applies to MS, if the prices are lower compare to the competitor, and with good quality, automatically the customer will be there to purchase. Thus, pull up the profit of the MS. It will also create the loyalty of the customer towards MS. 2.0 Identify and explain the order winners and qualifier for these three different clothing ranges at MS. 2.1 Order Winner Order winner are those factor which directly and significantly contribute to winning business. (Slack, et al., 2010, P.69) In a simply words, order winner is the characteristic of a firm that cause the customer to purchase the goods and services from firm. Order winner play an important role to not only to end sales but also to secure new business. The ability of a firm in the strategic initiative as cost, price, lead time, quality, reliability, brand equity and etc can enhance a firm order winner. The order winner for classis and perfect range is for core customers with a busy life, versatility, fitness, reasonable price and quality The order winner for Autograph range is its Fashionable, unique and exclusive designs. The order winner for Per una range is Limited editions, special and more exclusive styles, competitive prices. 2.2 Order Qualifiers Qualifier are those aspect of competitiveness where the operations performance has to be above particular level just to be considered by the customer. (Slack, et al., 2010, P.69).Order qualifier is the characteristic to be equipped by a firm to make it outstanding among all the other firm and competitors. In a simple words, order qualifiers make the firm differ from its competitors. The order qualifiers for classis and perfect range are Timeless essentials reflecting ones style and finesse. The order qualifier for Autograph range is Collection with no more than 60 of each color and way and style. The order qualifier for Per Una Range is its Superb designs at very affordable prices 3.0 Apply the polar diagram to analyse and compare the different operations performance objectives for these three different clothing ranges at MS. 3.1 Polar Diagram Polar diagram is a useful way to representing the relative importance objective for a product or services. This is called the polar representation because the scales which represent the importance of each performance objective have the same origin. (Slack, et al., 2010, P.53). The polar diagram below can be used to analyse and compare he different operations performance objectives for the three different clothing range at MS. The 5 factor in the polar diagram are Cost, Quality, Design, Size availability and also the Sales volume SKU. 3.1.1 Cost Cost is the major performance objective especially for the firm which compete against each other in term of price as the lower the cost, the lower the price the firm can sell to customer. When the firm able to lower its cost but can maintains the quality, it is giving the firm the cost objective. (Slack, et al., 2010, P.40) By referring to the polar diagram, the cost for the Autograph range is the highest followed by the Per Una Range, meanwhile the cost for perfect and classic range is the lowest among the three MS Clothing range. The cost directly reflect the selling the price of three MS product range. The price of Autograph range is the most expensive among three as the product under this range use the design of top designer and high quality raw material. When the cost increases, automatically the selling price will be higher. 3.1.2 Quality Quality is a major influence on customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Quality is consistent conformance to customers expectation, which also mean doing thing right. High quality of goods and services that is offer to customer will ensure the return of the customer. This will give the firm a quality advantages. (Slack, et al., 2010, P.40) By referring to the polar diagram, the quality of the Per Una Range is the supreme follow by The Autograph Range then by the Perfect and Classic range. The material use in Per Una range product is Superb quality materials while the material use in the Autograph and Perfect Classic range is High quality and high quality fabrics material. This had show that the high quality material had been used by MS in producing their all range of clothing to ensure the quality of clothing is maintain at high level and ensure the customer satisfaction. By using the high quality material, the issue such as shrink colour fading will be eliminate. 3.1.3 Flexibility (The availability of Size) The flexibility simply means that the ability of the form to change the operation in some way. It also means that the firm will be able to react toward different and unexpected circumstances. The ability of the firm to give individual treatment to the different customer will give the firm flexibility advantage. (Slack, et al., 2010, P.46) The polar diagram show that the flexibility of the perfect and classis ranges in term of size is above the other two. This is due to the product available in this range are wide and quantity are large. Compare to the Autograph range, the product are unique and only limited number is available, those who miss the chances to purchase will be difficult to find another as it is purposely create the demand in a limited supply. Other than that the product in perfect and classic range is being sale in a wide range and in a large quantity. 3.1.4 Speed A firm might want to do thing fast, thus minimizing the time form the customer order and receiving it in full. The speed advantages means that the faster the customer can get the goods, the more they will buy and thus, the more the firm can gain from it. (Slack, et al., 2010, P.42) The product can be found almost all the outlet of the MS. Mean while, the product in the Autograph range can be found in selected store only with a lesser amount. On the other hand, the product under per una range can only be found in a limited number in the specific store only. There polar diagram are clearly show the different sales volume SKU of the three different clothing range of MS where the larger the volume of the SKU, the faster the customer can get the goods that they wish to purchase. 3.1.5 Dependability Dependability means that doing thing in time for customer to receive their goods or services exactly when they are needed, or at least when they were promise. When the firm able to perform this, it will give the dependability advantages to the firm. (Slack, et al., 2010, P.44) The polar diagram show that the dependability of the Autograph range is superior of the other two clothing range. The design of the Autograph range is to a wider audience within a unique environment, which means a special design by the famous designer. The design of Per Una Range is slightly below the Autograph range where it is affected by the latest trend but will outdate very fast. When it comes to the perfect and classic range, the design is more to casual and return to basic. Design play an important role in the expensive clothing range as they customer willing to pay just for the design, but when come to basic cloth, customer prefer value-for-money prices.

Neutralisation - How much acid is required to neutralise a base :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Neutralisation - How much acid is required to neutralise a base Introduction ============ Neutralisation is the reaction of a base with an acid to form a neutral solution; which contains salt and water. Acid + Base Salt + Water --------------------------- In my experiment I am trying to find out how much acid it takes to neutralise a base to form a neutral solution. I will use one molar of Nitric Acid as the acid and one molar of Ammonium Hydroxide as the base. So this will be a 1:1 ratio. (Molarity = how many molecules of the acid or alkali per 1000 cm3 (1 litre) of water.) Nitric Acid + Ammonium Hydroxide à   Ammonium Nitrate + Water ----------------------------------------------------------- HNO + NH OH NH NO + H O Ionic bonding must take place to form the salt and the water. Ions have been formed because the original atoms have lost or gained electrons. These ions then have electrical charges because they do not have the same amount of positive protons and negative electrons. Atoms that loose electrons are called cations and have a positive charge. Atoms that have gained an electron and have a negative charge are called anions. The General equation for making water is: H + OH H O --------------- In this equation the Hydrogen ion has lost and electron and has become a cation with a positive charge. The Hydroxide ion has gained an electron and has become a negatively charged anion. Ionic bonds are created when ions combine in order to share and thus become electrically stable. From the main neutralisation equation I have circled the parts to make water: HNO + NH OH à   NH NO + H O Equipment Ammonium Hydroxide – (base) Nitric Acid – (acid) Methyl Oxide - (to show the pH of the solution) Clamp – (to hold the burette safely and securely in place) Burette - (to hold the acid) White Tile – Funnel – (to pour the acid into the burette) Goggles - (to protect the eyes) Conical Flask – (to hold the base) Measuring Cylinder – (to measure out the acid and the base) Preliminary Before we began our practical our teacher performed the experiment as an example to our class. The teacher set up the equipment as shown above. She informed us of the safety precautions and then began the experiment. She used 20ml of Ammonium Hydroxide (base), placing that in the conical flask. Then she added 6 drops of Methyl Orange (indicator). From the Burette she added 12ml of Nitric acid and swilled the conical flask. After this point she decided to control the amount added to the base and indicator by using the burette. Neutralisation - How much acid is required to neutralise a base :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation Neutralisation - How much acid is required to neutralise a base Introduction ============ Neutralisation is the reaction of a base with an acid to form a neutral solution; which contains salt and water. Acid + Base Salt + Water --------------------------- In my experiment I am trying to find out how much acid it takes to neutralise a base to form a neutral solution. I will use one molar of Nitric Acid as the acid and one molar of Ammonium Hydroxide as the base. So this will be a 1:1 ratio. (Molarity = how many molecules of the acid or alkali per 1000 cm3 (1 litre) of water.) Nitric Acid + Ammonium Hydroxide à   Ammonium Nitrate + Water ----------------------------------------------------------- HNO + NH OH NH NO + H O Ionic bonding must take place to form the salt and the water. Ions have been formed because the original atoms have lost or gained electrons. These ions then have electrical charges because they do not have the same amount of positive protons and negative electrons. Atoms that loose electrons are called cations and have a positive charge. Atoms that have gained an electron and have a negative charge are called anions. The General equation for making water is: H + OH H O --------------- In this equation the Hydrogen ion has lost and electron and has become a cation with a positive charge. The Hydroxide ion has gained an electron and has become a negatively charged anion. Ionic bonds are created when ions combine in order to share and thus become electrically stable. From the main neutralisation equation I have circled the parts to make water: HNO + NH OH à   NH NO + H O Equipment Ammonium Hydroxide – (base) Nitric Acid – (acid) Methyl Oxide - (to show the pH of the solution) Clamp – (to hold the burette safely and securely in place) Burette - (to hold the acid) White Tile – Funnel – (to pour the acid into the burette) Goggles - (to protect the eyes) Conical Flask – (to hold the base) Measuring Cylinder – (to measure out the acid and the base) Preliminary Before we began our practical our teacher performed the experiment as an example to our class. The teacher set up the equipment as shown above. She informed us of the safety precautions and then began the experiment. She used 20ml of Ammonium Hydroxide (base), placing that in the conical flask. Then she added 6 drops of Methyl Orange (indicator). From the Burette she added 12ml of Nitric acid and swilled the conical flask. After this point she decided to control the amount added to the base and indicator by using the burette.

Aesthetic Reading: Reading for Appreciation and Enjoyment Essay

Aesthetic reading is for entertainment. * Reading to explore one. * In Aesthetic reading, the reader’s attention is centered directly on what he likes through during his relationship with that particular text.† * Non-academicals purposes of reading. Aesthetic Stance is for experience * Recreational reading. * Fulfills an important function in lives. * Reading for pleasure or aesthetic reading, been described as â€Å"the most hidden literary practice†. * Aesthetic reading been viewed as â€Å"symbolic withdrawal†. Reading for appreciation * One that is designed to head the learner to understand and enjoy something. Let’s get the most out of Literature * Reading literary selections like poems, short stories, novels, plays, or essays, not only provide pleasure. * It also develop your analytical skills as you must consider each part of the text separately before you can interpret the meaning of the entire work and eventually appreciate it. Poems express ideas in a tighter, more compact way than prose as they do not include details and explanations common to the short story or novel. They are more concentrated, suggestive, and rhythmical than prose as they resort to the use of symbols, figurative language, and imagery, which tend to leave more to a reader’s imagination rather than giving everything he needs to know. Poems may be: * Lyric poem expresses the observations and the feeling of a single speaker. * Narrative poems are stories told in prose. Often narrative poems, even ballads have all the elements of the short stories, such as plot, characters and setting. Poems may take the form of: * Haiku – an unrhymed verse form, consisting of three lines. The first and third lines contain five syllables while the second line consists of seven syllables. * Tanka – another verse form. It has thirty-one syllables arrange in five lines (five, seven, five, seven, seven). * Cinquain – a poetic unrhymed form consisting of five lines. * Diamante – a seven line, diamond shaped poem.

What Is Guerrilla Warfare Definition, Tactics, Examples

Guerrilla warfare is waged by civilians who are not members of a traditional military unit, such as a nation’s standing army or police force. In many cases, guerrilla combatants are fighting to overthrow or weaken a ruling government or regime. This type of warfare is typified by sabotage, ambushes, and surprise raids on unsuspecting military targets. Often fighting in their own homeland, guerrilla combatants (also referred to as rebels or insurgents) use their familiarity with the local landscape and terrain to their advantage. Key Takeaways: Guerrilla Warfare Guerrilla warfare was first described by Sun Tzu in The Art of War.Guerrilla tactics are characterized by repeated surprise attacks and efforts to limit movement of enemy troops.Guerrilla groups also use tactics of propaganda to recruit fighters and win the support of local populations. History The use of guerrilla warfare was first suggested in the 6th century BC by Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in his classic book, The Art of War. In 217 BC, Roman Dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus, often called the â€Å"father of guerrilla warfare,† used his â€Å"Fabian strategy† to defeat the mighty invading army of Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca. In the early 19th century, citizens of Spain and Portugal used guerrilla tactics to defeat Napoleon’s superior French army in the Peninsular War. More recently, guerrilla fighters led by Che Guevara assisted Fidel Castro in overthrowing Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista during the Cuban Revolution of 1952. Largely due to its use by leaders like Mao Zedong in China and Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam, guerrilla warfare is generally thought of in the West only as a tactic of communism. However, history has shown this to be a misconception, as a multitude of political and social factors have motivated citizen-soldiers. Purpose and Motivation Guerrilla warfare is generally considered a war motivated by politics—a desperate struggle of common people to right the wrongs done to them by an oppressive regime that rules by military force and intimidation. When asked what motivates guerrilla warfare, Cuban Revolution leader Che Guevara gave this famous response: â€Å"Why does the guerrilla fighter fight? We must come to the inevitable conclusion that the guerrilla fighter is a social reformer, that he takes up arms responding to the angry protest of the people against their oppressors, and that he fights in order to change the social system that keeps all his unarmed brothers in ignominy and misery.† History, however, has shown that public perception of guerrillas as heroes or villains depends on their tactics and motivations. While many guerrillas have fought to secure basic human rights, some have initiated unjustified violence, even using terrorist tactics against other civilians who refuse to join their cause. For example, in Northern Ireland during the late 1960s, a civilian group calling itself the Irish Republican Army (IRA) conducted a series of attacks against British security forces and public establishments in the country, as well as Irish citizens who they believed to be loyal to British Crown. Characterized by tactics such as indiscriminate bombings, often taking the lives of uninvolved civilians, the IRA’s attacks were described as acts of terrorism by both the media and the British government. Guerrilla organizations run the gamut, from small, localized groups (cells) to regionally dispersed regiments of thousands of well-trained fighters. The groups’ leaders typically express clear political goals. Along with strictly military units, many guerrilla groups also have political wings assigned to develop and distribute propaganda for recruiting new fighters and winning the support of the local civilian population. Guerrilla Warfare Tactics In his 6th century book The Art of War, Chinese General Sun Tzu summarized the tactics of guerrilla warfare: â€Å"Know when to fight and when not to fight. Avoid what is strong and strike at what is weak. Know how to deceive the enemy: appear weak when you are strong, and strong when you are weak.† Reflecting General Tzu’s teachings, guerrilla fighters use small and fast-moving units to launch repeated surprise â€Å"hit-and-run† attacks. The goal of these attacks is to destabilize and demoralize the larger enemy force while minimizing their own casualties. In addition, some guerrilla groups home that the frequency and nature of their attacks will provoke their enemy to carry out counter-attacks so excessively brutal that they inspire support for the rebel cause. Facing overwhelming disadvantages in manpower and military hardware, the ultimate goal of guerrilla tactics is typically the eventual withdrawal of the enemy army, rather than its total surrender.   Guerrilla fighters often attempt to limit the movement of enemy troops, weapons, and supplies by attacking enemy supply line facilities like bridges, railroads, and airfields. In an effort to blend in with the local population guerrilla fighters rarely were uniforms or identifying insignia. This tactic of stealth helps them utilize the element of surprise in their attacks. Dependent on the local population for support, guerrilla forces employ both military and political arms. The political arm of a guerrilla group specializes in the creation and dissemination of propaganda intended not only to recruit new fighters but also win the hearts and minds of the people. Guerrilla Warfare vs. Terrorism While they both employ many of the same tactics and weapons, there are important differences between guerrilla fighters and terrorists. Most importantly, terrorists rarely attack defended military targets. Instead, terrorists usually attack so-called â€Å"soft targets,† such as civilian aircraft, schools, churches, and other places of public assembly. The September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States and the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing are examples of terrorist attacks. While guerrilla rebels are typically motivated by political factors, terrorists often act out of simple hatred. In the United States, for example, terrorism is often an element of hate crimes—crimes motivated by the terrorist’s prejudice against the victim’s race, color, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. Unlike terrorists, guerrilla fighters rarely attack civilians. In contrast to terrorists, guerrillas move and fight as paramilitary units with the objective of seizing territory and enemy equipment. Terrorism is now a crime in many countries. The term â€Å"terrorism† is sometimes incorrectly used by governments to refer to guerrilla rebels fighting against their regimes. Guerrilla Warfare Examples Throughout history, evolving cultural ideologies such as liberty, equality, nationalism, socialism, and religious fundamentalism have motivated groups of people to employ guerrilla warfare tactics in efforts to overcome real or imagined oppression and persecution at the hands of a ruling government or foreign invaders. While many battles of the American Revolution were fought between conventional armies, civilian American patriots often used guerrilla tactics to disrupt the activities of the larger, better-equipped British Army. In the Revolution’s opening skirmish—the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775—a loosely-organized militia of Colonial American civilians used guerrilla warfare tactics in driving back the British Army. American General George Washington often used local guerrilla militias in support of his Continental Army and utilized unconventional guerrilla tactics such as spying and sniping. In the final stages of the war, a South Carolina citizen militia used guerrilla tactics to drive British commanding General Lord Cornwallis out of the Carolinas to his ultimate defeat in the Battle of Yorktown in Virginia.   South African Boer Wars The Boer Wars in South Africa pitted 17th-century Dutch settlers known as the Boers against the British Army in a struggle for control of two South African republics founded by the Boers in 1854. From 1880 until 1902, the Boers, dressed in their drab farming clothes, used guerrilla tactics such as stealth, mobility, knowledge of the terrain, and long-range sniping to successfully repel the brightly-uniformed invading British forces. By 1899, the British changed their tactics to better deal with Boer attacks. Finally, British troops began interring civilian Boers into concentration camps after torching their farms and houses. With their source of food almost gone, the Boer guerrillas surrendered in 1902. However, generous terms of self-governance granted to them by England demonstrated the effectiveness of guerrilla warfare in securing concessions from a more powerful foe. Nicaraguan Contra War Guerrilla warfare is not always successful and can, in fact, have negative results. During the height of the Cold War from 1960 to 1980, urban guerrilla movements fought to overthrow or at least weaken the oppressive military regimes ruling several Latin American countries. While the guerrillas did temporarily destabilize the governments of counties such as Argentina, Uruguay, Guatemala, and Peru, their militaries eventually wiped out the rebels, while also committing human rights atrocities on the civilian population as both a punishment and a warning. From 1981 to 1990, â€Å"Contra† guerrillas attempted to topple the Marxist Sandinista government of Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan Contra War represented the era’s many â€Å"proxy wars†Ã¢â‚¬â€wars instigated or supported by Cold War super-powers and archenemies, the Soviet Union and the United States, without directly fighting each other.  The Soviet Union supported the Sandinista government’s military, while the United States, as part of President Ronald Reagan’s anti-communist Reagan Doctrine, controversially backed the Contra guerillas. The Contra War ended in 1989 when both the Contra guerrillas and the Sandinista government troops agreed to demobilize. In a national election held in 1990, anti-Sandinista parties took over control of Nicaragua. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan In late 1979, the military of the Soviet Union (now Russia) invaded Afghanistan in an effort to support the communist Afghan government in its long-running battle with anticommunist Muslim guerrillas. Known as the Mujahideen, the Afghan guerrillas were a collection of local tribesmen who initially fought the Soviet troops from horseback with obsolete World War I rifles and sabers. The conflict escalated into a decade-long proxy war when the United States began supplying the Mujahideen guerrillas with modern weapons including advanced anti-tank and anti-aircraft guided missiles. Over the next 10 years, the Mujahideen parlayed their U.S.-supplied weapons and superior knowledge of the rugged Afghan terrain to inflict ever more costly damage on the far larger Soviet army. Already dealing with a deepening economic crisis at home, the Soviet Union withdrew its troops from Afghanistan in 1989. Sources Guevara, Ernesto Davies, Thomas M. â€Å"Guerrilla Warfare.† Rowman Littlefield, 1997. ISBN 0-8420-2678-9Laqueur, Walter (1976). â€Å"Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical Critical Study.† Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-76-580406-8Tomes, Robert (2004). â€Å"Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare.† Parameters.Rowe, P. (2002). Freedom fighters and rebels: the rules of civil war. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.